我们通过投影仪操作员研究较大尺寸的连续动态系统的嵌入。我们称这种技术PED，动态系统的投影嵌入，因为动态的稳定固定点通过从较高尺寸空间的投影回收。在本文中，我们提供了一种通用定义，并证明对于特定类型的Rank-1的投影仪操作者，均匀的平均场投影仪，运动方程成为动态系统的平均场逼近。虽然一般来说，嵌入取决于指定的变量排序，但对于均匀平均字段投影仪而不是真的。此外，我们证明原始稳定的固定点保持稳定的动态的定点，鞍点保持鞍座，但不稳定的固定点变成马鞍。

简单的动态模型可以在大型网络中产生复杂的行为。这些行为通常可以在由网络网络捕获的各种物理系统中观察到。在这里，我们描述了一种现象，其中尺寸自始终产生由于动力学不稳定性而产生的力场。这可以被理解为在有效潜力的最小值之间的不稳定（“隆隆声”）隧道机构。我们将该集体和非触发效果成为“Lyapunov力”，即使完整系统具有与系统尺寸指数呈指数呈指数呈指数增长的均衡点的星座，使系统朝向全局最小的潜在功能。我们研究的系统具有简单的映射到流量网络，其等于电流驱动的映像器。该机制在纳米级物理学中对其物理相关性进行了吸引力，以及在优化中可能的应用，新颖的蒙特卡罗方案和机器学习。

合作的任务执行是欧洲社会性的标志，通过代理与环境之间的本地交互通过动态发展的通信信号来实现。受社会昆虫的集体行为的启发，其动力学是由与环境相互作用的调节的，我们表明机器人集体可以通过捕获不稳定成功地对建筑工地进行成核，并合作地建立有组织的结构。相同的机器人集体还可以执行DE-构建，而行为参数的简单更改。这些行为属于沿一个轴的代理商相互作用（合作​​）定义的合作行为的二维相空间，而另一个轴则是代理 - 环境的相互作用（收集和沉积）。我们基于行为的机器人设计方法结合了本地规则的原则推导，使集体能够以鲁棒性解决动态变化的环境和丰富的复杂行为。

当使用基于视觉的方法对被占用和空的空地之间的单个停车位进行分类时，人类专家通常需要注释位置，并标记包含目标停车场中收集的图像的训练集，以微调系统。我们建议研究三种注释类型（多边形，边界框和固定尺寸的正方形），提供停车位的不同数据表示。理由是阐明手工艺注释精度和模型性能之间的最佳权衡。我们还调查了在目标停车场微调预训练型号所需的带注释的停车位数。使用PKLOT数据集使用的实验表明，使用低精度注释（例如固定尺寸的正方形），可以将模型用少于1,000个标记的样品微调到目标停车场。

While the brain connectivity network can inform the understanding and diagnosis of developmental dyslexia, its cause-effect relationships have not yet enough been examined. Employing electroencephalography signals and band-limited white noise stimulus at 4.8 Hz (prosodic-syllabic frequency), we measure the phase Granger causalities among channels to identify differences between dyslexic learners and controls, thereby proposing a method to calculate directional connectivity. As causal relationships run in both directions, we explore three scenarios, namely channels' activity as sources, as sinks, and in total. Our proposed method can be used for both classification and exploratory analysis. In all scenarios, we find confirmation of the established right-lateralized Theta sampling network anomaly, in line with the temporal sampling framework's assumption of oscillatory differences in the Theta and Gamma bands. Further, we show that this anomaly primarily occurs in the causal relationships of channels acting as sinks, where it is significantly more pronounced than when only total activity is observed. In the sink scenario, our classifier obtains 0.84 and 0.88 accuracy and 0.87 and 0.93 AUC for the Theta and Gamma bands, respectively.

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .

Recent years have seen a proliferation of research on adversarial machine learning. Numerous papers demonstrate powerful algorithmic attacks against a wide variety of machine learning (ML) models, and numerous other papers propose defenses that can withstand most attacks. However, abundant real-world evidence suggests that actual attackers use simple tactics to subvert ML-driven systems, and as a result security practitioners have not prioritized adversarial ML defenses. Motivated by the apparent gap between researchers and practitioners, this position paper aims to bridge the two domains. We first present three real-world case studies from which we can glean practical insights unknown or neglected in research. Next we analyze all adversarial ML papers recently published in top security conferences, highlighting positive trends and blind spots. Finally, we state positions on precise and cost-driven threat modeling, collaboration between industry and academia, and reproducible research. We believe that our positions, if adopted, will increase the real-world impact of future endeavours in adversarial ML, bringing both researchers and practitioners closer to their shared goal of improving the security of ML systems.

The ability to convert reciprocating, i.e., alternating, actuation into rotary motion using linkages is hindered fundamentally by their poor torque transmission capability around kinematic singularity configurations. Here, we harness the elastic potential energy of a linear spring attached to the coupler link of four-bar mechanisms to manipulate force transmission around the kinematic singularities. We developed a theoretical model to explore the parameter space for proper force transmission in slider-crank and rocker-crank four-bar kinematics. Finally, we verified the proposed model and methodology by building and testing a macro-scale prototype of a slider-crank mechanism. We expect this approach to enable the development of small-scale rotary engines and robotic devices with closed kinematic chains dealing with serial kinematic singularities, such as linkages and parallel manipulators.

This paper considers a combination of actuation tendons and measurement strings to achieve accurate shape sensing and direct kinematics of continuum robots. Assuming general string routing, a methodical Lie group formulation for the shape sensing of these robots is presented. The shape kinematics is expressed using arc-length-dependent curvature distributions parameterized by modal functions, and the Magnus expansion for Lie group integration is used to express the shape as a product of exponentials. The tendon and string length kinematic constraints are solved for the modal coefficients and the configuration space and body Jacobian are derived. The noise amplification index for the shape reconstruction problem is defined and used for optimizing the string/tendon routing paths, and a planar simulation study shows the minimal number of strings/tendons needed for accurate shape reconstruction. A torsionally stiff continuum segment is used for experimental evaluation, demonstrating mean (maximal) end-effector absolute position error of less than 2% (5%) of total length. Finally, a simulation study of a torsionally compliant segment demonstrates the approach for general deflections and string routings. We believe that the methods of this paper can benefit the design process, sensing and control of continuum and soft robots.

Image classification with small datasets has been an active research area in the recent past. However, as research in this scope is still in its infancy, two key ingredients are missing for ensuring reliable and truthful progress: a systematic and extensive overview of the state of the art, and a common benchmark to allow for objective comparisons between published methods. This article addresses both issues. First, we systematically organize and connect past studies to consolidate a community that is currently fragmented and scattered. Second, we propose a common benchmark that allows for an objective comparison of approaches. It consists of five datasets spanning various domains (e.g., natural images, medical imagery, satellite data) and data types (RGB, grayscale, multispectral). We use this benchmark to re-evaluate the standard cross-entropy baseline and ten existing methods published between 2017 and 2021 at renowned venues. Surprisingly, we find that thorough hyper-parameter tuning on held-out validation data results in a highly competitive baseline and highlights a stunted growth of performance over the years. Indeed, only a single specialized method dating back to 2019 clearly wins our benchmark and outperforms the baseline classifier.